Standard operating procedures for detection and identification of trypanosome species in tsetse flies version 1. This paper tests the hypothesis that the tsetse reduced the ability of africans to generate an agricultural surplus historically. Both sexes feed on blood, inflicting a painful bite. The manual provides an easytouse work flow that combines several different pcrbased methods that can be used for trypanosome detection and identification in fieldcaught tsetse flies andor host blood samples collected. A method of studying the efficiency of traps for tsetse flies diptera.
African trypanosomiasis and its major vector, the tsetse fly, have drawn worldwide attention due to. Review of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis in south africa. African trypanosomiasis, also called african sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease spread by the tsetse fly. A bite from this fly puts you into a deadly sleep bbc. With a view to addressing the lack of uptodate data on tsetse.
Distribution and density of tsetse flies glossinidae. The sterile insect technique for control of tsetse flies in africa by willem takken and michael weiss african trypanosomiasis and its major vector, the tsetse fly, have drawn worldwide attention due to the devasting effects they cause in large areas of tropical africa. African animal trypanosomosis, transmitted by tsetse flies glossina spp. A bite from a tsetse fly can infect you with a terrifying parasite that brings on a deep and possibly fatal sleep. Tsetse anatomy has been well described, including detailed accounts of the functional anatomy of the proboscis for piercing host skin and sucking up blood. Tsetse flies are the vectors of human sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomiasis in africa. Odor coding in the antenna of the tsetse fly glossina. Traps and targets are a key component of largescale interventions against tsetse, including the use of traps for surveillance. Tsetse flies are considered a nuisance in the lion guard universe by many animals for swarming around animals. Tsetse flies and trypanosomosis in south africa and the reentry of south africa into the field of tsetse and trypanosomosis research. Ethiopia and senegal are making significant progress in infested areas with the same method. Tsetse flies were successfully eradicated in 1997 from the tanzanian island of zanzibar using the sit. The parasites enter the lymphatic system and pass into the bloodstream. Tsetse flies are also the primary vector for the disease, trypanosomiasis, also known as african sleeping sickness.
We also generalise the derivation to allow for the probability that an. Programs and information to assist in the planning and implementation of tsetse control operations. Control tsetse fly control is only one of the trypanosomosis control methods and not always the most adequate. Arthropod vectors tsetse flies 1 p a g e tsetse flies author. Tsetse flies can live for many months in the wild, but give birth to only about eight larvae per lifetime. Trypanosomatidae and as such, are of great medical and economic importance. The sterile insect technique for control of tsetse flies in africa iaea. They are obligate parasites that live by feeding on the blood of vertebrate animals. The travel advice for the uk foreign office warns of tsetse flies in all subsaharan countries except namibia, south africa, lesotho and swaziland then again the foreign office thought there were weapons of mass destruction in iraq lol. The glossina are the principal vectors of african trypanosomes trypanosoma sp kinetoplastida. Hargrove skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a. Ecology and behaviour of tsetse food and agriculture. The fao and iaea are helping 14 countries control tsetse populations through applying areawide integrated pest management approaches.
Tsetse flies are large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical africa. Over 0 glossina pallidipes tsetse flies were collected during two field studies in the zambezi valley, zimbabwe and one in. Suitable publications are stored in the data repository pdf for. Epidemiology tsetse flies infest 10 million square kilometres and affect 37 countries, mostly in africa, where it is known as nagana. The tsetse fly is attracted to bright colors, very dark colors, metallic fabric, and the color blue. The reproductive cycle of tsetse flies occupies a minimum of 55 or 56 days at 23 o, made up of 12 days ovarian development of the first egg always in the. Pdf tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of trypanosomes, the causative. From these places, flies can attack man and village livestock, especially pigs and to a lesser extent cattle, so that these populations of flies can be very important from the point of view of disease transmission. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus glossina, which are placed in their own family, glossinidae. All are exclusively haematophagous and confined to subsaharan africa.
The causative agents of the disease are protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma that live and multiply extracellularly in blood and tissue fluids of their mammalian hosts and are transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies glossina sp. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view download pdf for offline viewing. This article provides information on making a tsetse fly trap to control these pest flies as part of a drought management strategy in tsetse fly invaded areas. Glossinidae by gas chromatographic analysis of cuticular components volume 83 issue 4 d. Tsetse flies genus glossina are large bloodsucking dipteran flies that are important as vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis in subsaharan africa. The tsetse the word tsetse means fly destructive to cattle, thus the name tsetse fly is redundant is an ovoviviparous vector of african trypanosomiasis. Tsetse flies were afflicting scores of cows and infecting humans with african sleeping sickness, which brings fever, headaches, muscle pain, confusion and, in severe cases, death. Pdf palpalis group tsetse flies are the major vectors of human african. Tsetse flies take blood meals at intervals of approximately 23 days in the hot season. Tsetse flies feed on the blood of vertebrate animals including humans and in doing so, transmit the sleeping sickness parasite from infected animals to uninfected ones.
To assess which cattle were particularly attractive to tsetse, the numbers of flies. Improved estimates for extinction probabilities and times. Traps and targets are a key component of largescale interventions against tsetse, including the. Baits now are used widely to replace air and ground broadcasting of insecticides. In the last 50 years various workers have made attempts at mapping the distribution of tsetse flies and the disease they transmit with a view to instituting appropriate control measures. Tsetse flies are insects that appear in the lion guard universe. The importance of ecological studies in the control of tsetse flies. The female fly has a uterus wherein an individual egg hatches, the resulting larva feeding on secretions provided by milk glands. Find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Resistance of tsetse flies to trypanosome infection. A second seasonal survey that should include a parasitological assessment is. Author summary we derive equations for the mean and variance of the probability of, and time to, extinction in population of tsetse flies glossina spp, the vectors of trypanosomiasis in subsaharan africa. Cheap and safe tsetse control food and agriculture organization. So tsetse fly control has an important part to play in the devglopment.
Tsetse flies have an arsenal of immune defenses to resist each stage of the trypanosome infectious cycle, and thus are relatively refractory to trypanosome infection among the host flies defenses is the production of hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species that damages dna. Use of tiny targets to control tsetse flies in gambian hat foci. Agents disappear within a few hours after death of the vertebrate host. Analysis of hostoriented behavior of tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans westw. Although the likelihood of being infected with malaria or trypanosomiasis is very low, the tsetse flies and mosquitoes can be enough of a nuisance to necessitate special preparation to have a comfortable safari experience. Inside the host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes, are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other body. In so doing we provide the complete proofs for all results, which were not provided in a previously published study. Tsetse fly, genus glossina, also spelled tsetse, also called tiktik fly, any of about two to three dozen species of bloodsucking flies in the housefly family, muscidae order diptera, that occur only in africa and transmit sleeping sickness african trypanosomiasis in humans and a similar disease called nagana in domestic animals. Africa, tsetse, trypanosomosis, vector control, insecticidetreated. Glossinidae are an ancient taxon of one genus, glossina, and limited species diversity. Adult bloodfeeding tsetse flies, trypanosomes, microbiota and the fluctuating environment in subsaharan africa article pdf available in the isme journal 97 december 2014 with 297 reads. We aimed to use data on temperature and tsetse abundance at rekomitjie to test whether observed increases in temperature over recent years are sufficient to explain the observed decline in the local tsetse population since the 1990s. Tsetse flies are poikilotherms, and their development and mortality rates are dependent on temperature 2630. Tsetse control has long been one approach to the control of trypanosomiasis jordan 1986.
The flies take a particular dislike to zebras due to their stripes. The remaining four tsetse flies were captured during the rainy season two flies at trapping site 7, one fly at trapping site 6, and one fly at trapping site 8. A relatively small proportion of flies in the field flies. The flies resemble normal house flies, but can be identified by two distinguishing characteristics. Because they are around places where people live, these tsetse populations have been called peridomestic around the home. Tsetse flies pose a major threat to the health and economy of subsaharan africa. Distribution and abundance of trypanosome subgenus.
Pdf tsetse and trypanosomoses in ghana in the twentieth. Glossina are the sole cyclical vectors of african trypanosomoses. These defenses limit the population of infected flies. A method of studying the efficiency of traps for tsetse. The biology of tsetse flies jackson 1949 biological. Mosquitoes and tsetse flies in the serengeti mosquito. Before the advent of modern insecticides, the clearing ofvegetation, on which flies depend for their habitat, and the shooting ofwild mammals. Tsetse find their hosts in large part through olfactory cues, but little is known about the cellular basis of olfaction in these flies. Tsetse flies in africa by willem takken and michael weiss.
They transmit trypanosomes that cause african sleeping sickness in humans and a disease called nagana in livestock. The sterile insect technique for control of tsetse flies. Tsetse flies are the biological vectors of several trypanosomes affecting livestock and of two trypanosome species, trypanosoma brucei gambiense and t. Welburn, unpublished, and suggesting that the tsetse midgut lectin normally acts via the procyclin coat of the trypanosome. Discussion the results of the longitudinal study show an uneven distribution of tsetse inside the ngr, and a low apparent abundance of tsetse flies. Symptoms include fatigue, high fever, headaches, and muscle aches. African trypanosomiasis is an infectious disease of humans and animals of similar aetiology and epidemiology. During a blood meal on the mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly genus glossina injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue. All tsetse flies, males as well as females, feed on blood, but the species differ in their preferences. Not sure how i posted to the wrong forum, here we go. The tsetse fly species glossina palpalis feeds on the blood of a variety of animals, including humans, and an important question is whether the feeding preferences of individuals can be affected by learning. Pdf a colour opponent model that explains tsetse fly attraction. We are in the planning stage of a 2 weeks safari trip to the northern circuit for mid to end august next year.
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